5) How is a developmental approach different than a behavioral approach?
Behavioral therapy, such as ABA, is commonly recommended by pediatricians and neurologists especially for autistic children. Some OT's have adopted a behavioral approach but Jenny uses a developmental, relationship-based approach. Developmental, relationship-focused approaches focus on enhancing relationships between caregivers (i.e. parents, therapists, teachers) and children in ways that support the child’s movement through typical levels of development.
There are many differences between a behavioral and a developmental approach, the main one being that they are derived from different theoretical models. A developmental approach is derived from developmental psychology in which the aim is to understand the behavioral, emotional, physical, and cognitive growth and changes that occur throughout the lifespan. It investigates
biological, genetic, neurological, psychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors (such as sensory processing, family history, mood, personality, attunement, executive function, motor skills, language, equity & trauma) and the effect of these factors on human development. Many of these factors are not outwardly observable, however; it is believed that they are vital to understanding an individual's motivation, strengths, and weaknesses and that they must be considered to facilitate positive development and support children in reaching their fullest potential (www.verywellmind.com/developmental-psychology-4157180).
ABA, is derived from behaviorism (also referred to as behavioral learning theory). In this theoretical model, it is believed that individuals acquire all behaviors through their interactions with the environment and that all actions are shaped by external stimuli, not internal stimuli which include things like thoughts, emotions, and personality. Behaviorists argue that it is not possible to objectively observe an individual's thoughts & feelings and therefore these internal events should be explained through behavioral terms instead (i.e. avoidance, access, attention) and the focus should be on developing a plan to increase desirable behaviors and decrease undesirable behaviors through the use of contingencies (i.e. reinforcement, punishment). (www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183).
As far as how it might be different in practice, let's use an example of a child that is hitting the teacher during instruction. Looking at this situation from a behaviorist viewpoint, the goal would be to identify the challenging behavior (i.e. hitting), determine the function of it (i.e. avoidance), and to develop a plan to reduce it (i.e. provide reinforcement when not doing it). The reason behind the behavior is irrelevant as the focus is on behavior change.
On the other hand, from a developmental viewpoint, Jenny would attempt to figure out the reason WHY the child was hitting. She would observe them, consider the demands of the activity and what individual differences the child has, and how they might be affecting their behavior. Let's say that in this case, hand-over-hand is being used by teacher during instruction and it was identified that the child has a high level of anxiety, hyper-responsiveness to touch, and an inability to communicate. Her interventions would not be aimed at simply reducing the hitting. Instead, they might include adapting the activity so that it did not require hand-over-hand assistance or suggesting that the teacher gain their permission before touching them. She might teach the child about different emotions and how they make the body feel (i.e. tense, fast heart beat). She might teach the child to label how they feel (either verbally or nonverbally) and she might teach them to advocate for themselves (i.e. saying "no, thank you").
**Disclaimer: It is important to remember that while we are the experts in our respective fields, you as parents, are the expert in your own child. It is imperative that you do your own research so that you can make an informed decision and select the approaches & providers that are going to be the best fit for your loved one.