5) How is a developmental approach different than a behavioral approach?
Behavioral therapy, such as ABA, is commonly recommended by pediatricians and neurologists especially for autistic children. There are some OT's who have adopted a behavioral approach but I use a developmental approach. There are many differences between a behavioral and a developmental approach, the main one being that they are derived from different theoretical models.
A developmental approach is derived from developmental psychology in which the aim is to understand the behavioral, emotional, physical, and cognitive growth and changes that occur throughout the lifespan. It investigates
biological, genetic, neurological, psychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors (such as sensory processing, family history, mood, personality, attunement, executive function, motor skills, language, equity & trauma) and the effect of these factors on human development. Many of these factors are not outwardly observable, however; it is believed that they are crucial to understanding an individual's motivation, strengths, weaknesses, social emotional contexts, and that they must be considered to facilitate positive development and support children in reaching their fullest potential (www.verywellmind.com/developmental-psychology-4157180).
ABA, is derived from behaviorism (also referred to as behavioral learning theory). In this theoretical model, it is believed that individuals acquire all behaviors through their interactions with the environment and that all actions are shaped by external stimuli, not internal stimuli which include things like thoughts, emotions, and personality. Behaviorists argue that it is not possible to objectively observe an individual's thoughts & feelings and therefore these internal events should be explained through behavioral terms instead (i.e. avoidance, access, attention) and the focus should be on developing a plan to increase desirable behaviors and decrease undesirable behaviors through the use of contingencies (i.e. reinforcement, punishment). (www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183).
As far as how it might be different in practice, let's use an example of a child that is hitting the teacher during instruction. Looking at this situation from a behaviorist viewpoint, the goal would be to identify the challenging behavior (i.e. hitting), determine the function of it (i.e. avoidance), and to develop a plan to reduce it (i.e. provide reinforcement when not doing it). The reason behind the behavior is irrelevant as the focus is on behavior change.
On the other hand, from a developmental viewpoint, I would attempt to figure out the reasons WHY he/she is hitting. I would observe them, consider the demands of the activity and what individual differences he/she has, and how they might be affecting their behavior. Let's say that in this case, hand-over-hand is being used by teacher during instruction and it was identified that the child has a high level of anxiety, hyper-responsiveness to touch, and an inability to communicate. My interventions would not be aimed at simply reducing the hitting. Instead, they might include adapting the activity so that it did not require hand-over-hand assistance or suggesting that the teacher gain his permission before touching him/her. I might teach the child about different emotions and how they make his/her body feel (i.e. tense, fast heart beat). I might teach the child to label how they feel (either verbally or nonverbally) and I might teach them to advocate for themselves (i.e. saying "no, thank you").
**Disclaimer: It is important to remember that we are the experts in our respective fields but as parents, you are the expert in your own child. It is imperative that you do your own research so that you can make an informed decision and select the approaches & providers that are going to be the best fit for your loved one.